The presentation or participation of The Female Characters in Morrison’s literary writings, we come to know that she, being a female novelist, treats with her female characters in a very unique but superb way “Jazz” is one of them. Being female herself, she is naturally well aware of the psyche, psychological habits growth, the working operations of mind, ways and manners of life of the women of her society.

As a result, she presents the depiction of her female characters through their occurring changes in their views, ideas and ways of life due to the influence of the changes occurring in the society (city). She always depicts her female characters with their own innate inabilities to cope with men. But at the same time, it is worth mentioning that she does not have any grudge, malice and bias towards men.

Though, mostly she presents her female characters through their physical appearances, yet she let them speak about themselves in their own dialogues. That’s why, whenever and whatever they speak, speak about themselves.

Among all the female characters in the novel Trace is considered as the main (central) heroine of the novel. She depicts her in her true psychological as well as physical appearances in her role in the course of the novel. Her psychological workings of the mind are conveyed to us through her dialogues and her behaviour with the other people. This very trait (quality) of her portrayal of the female character becomes very evident in a scene in which Violet is seen (presented) in talking to her parrot and parrot saying her ‘I love you’ and the second is her decision to beget no children. Her decision of not begetting children shows somewhat her passionately violent. Even then people living around her started considering her not violent but Violent.

Violet has not enough sexual charms and attraction for Toe as Dorcass has. Moreover, her lackage of a sexually attractive body and Dorcas’ well attractive body cause of a drift Between Violet and Joe. She tries her best to regain her physical attraction and sexual charms and for this purpose she drinks malts and eats multiple meals. Her competition with the dead girl looks very ironic because her jealousy is still at its peak. She remains unable to get over it. Being childless, she wishes that Dorcas could be the young daughter that she never had. Felice, the friend of Dorcas appears on the scene to serve this role for Violet and she also causes of consolation for Joe.

In this novel, Toni Morrison presents a graphic picture of the cultural rites and customs of Black life in America. She presents the behaviours, ways and manners of all types of people from laymen to the reasonable middle class of her society(city). Here we see that most Negroes (black men) in American society are either laymen or belonging to working or third class. Most of them are the victims of the white folk’s atrocities and suppression. The white men regard them as a low creature living in the suburbs of the surroundings. In spite of their being treated or handled as inferior entities by the white men, the Black men don’t regard or consider themselves mentally slave and subject to them.

In some cases or ways of life, their living gestures and behaviours criticize in the form of mimicry of white people. They are passionate, emotional, ferocious and character in themselves. The character of Dorcas Manfred is an evident proof in this content. Being a passionate and radical kind female, she wants to lead her life in its full swing and colours. She is always full of passion for having enjoyment and zeal and zest of life. But the description of her mental condition finds us to regard her as a most tragic character in the novel. Her tragic death binds us to feel a huge (great) pity for her. Her tragic death also stands for the overall tragedy in the life of Blacks in America.

In spite of Dorcas being the incarnation of beauty; charms and sexual attractions for others, she is also sympathetic and loving. Dorcas’ behaviour near her death seems to be her inner love for Joe and she does not even show his name as her murderer. It is the sympathetic condition of her for him which haunts him after her death. As a result, he starts feeling repentance deeply over what he has done with a girl having such a kind heart full of his love. He starts hating his heinous act of killing a pretty loveful girl whole heartedly.

In the case of another female character_____ Malvonne Toni Morrison also presents her mental picture not only through her habits but also through her response to Joe Trace. Morrison always tries to present her female characters in their true nature, humour and disposition. As Malvonne is somewhat of clever, sharp and tricky nature, she is depicted in the same natural way of her life. Her affectation, pretension and hypocrisy are openly but severely condemned and satirized by Morrison. As she is in the habit of interfering in the neighbors life, she plays an important role in developing and strengthening the unfair relations between Joe and Dorcas. At one occasion, she says to Joe about Violet.

“No point in picking the apple if you don’t want to see how it tastes how does it taste Joe.” 

She produces the germs of dis likeness of Violet in Joe. Through her act of interference in others’ lives, Morrison satirises the needless interference which often destroyed the peaceful and loveful conjugal lives of many married couples in Morrison’s time. Similarly, Malvonne’s act of showing false affection becomes evident in a scene in which she sympathizes with Violet. It is an irony of the fact that on one hand, she turns Joe against Violet by saying degrading remarks against Violet but on the other hand she shows false affection and sympathy with Violet by saying that she is the most innocent woman of the world that deserves her sympathy after the death of Dorcas. Through Malvonne’s character depiction (portrayal), Marrison satirizes the false affection and fake sympathies of the ladies of her time.

The portrayal of Alica Manfred the aunt of Dorcas is another case in this content. She was in the habit of showing very queer behaviour in her daily routine matters. On one hand, she wants to prove to be very disciplined, strict and punctual in her rules and regulations but on the other hand we see that she instructs her sixteen years old niece to be “Deaf and Blind” and always tries to frighten her by the fear of doom on the day of judgement and by the fear of “The Beast”. Through her satirical portrait, Morrison presents the hypocrisy, insensibility and fake nature of the ladies of her age.

Morrison maintains the same technique of character portrayal even in the case of minor female characters. Rose Dear and True Belle are not given too much space in the course of the novel, yet their due role casts an everlasting impact on the readers’ minds.

True Belle dares to help or support the family when they are penniless and it is she who raises Joe’s father-Golden Grey. In the same way, Rose Dear bears pressures of trying to provide for her children. She gets so much disappointed and worried that she commits suicide by throwing herself down a well.

In brief, we can say that Morrison presents her female characters in their true spirit, morale, colour of life. Whatever they are in their temperament, humour, nature and disposition, clearly and realistically presented as. Her female characters are the victim of atrocities, suppression and cruelties of the White men. Even though they maintain their individuality, moral traits and certain identity of their own. Almost all the female Black characters are morally strong and keep their significance in their society alive. Her female characters are as important as male characters. 

Themes In “Melodic Trains” By John Ashbery. He is one of the most readable poets among the readers for his use of simple diction in his poetic style. He always tries to present very simple and understandable ideas to his reader so that they may be able to get or grasp the true message of his poetic genius. This poem is one of the well-known and well-appreciated poems of Ashbery which is distinguished for its irregular rhyme scheme.

Here, Ashbery gives full flight to his imagination and makes it a beautiful piece of prose for its superb use of diction. A typical fluency and effortlessness are very vivid because of the fertility of ideas in his poems. In this poem which is written in a dialogue, the poet is asked about time by a little girl. She is wearing a toy watch which cannot tell her exact time. She is wearing it just for fun. As the adults wear pipe tweed coats for making fun. A personality is too vague and complicated to be understood from appearance and it is like the scenario of a maintenance chain from the window of a train.

A passenger sitting inside the train cannot see visibly the zigzagging valleys plunging into the sea of deep mountains. The railroad runs across the mountain with valleys and the moving Train may be imagined as a pencil guided by a ruler tracing lines across the photo maps of the Alps (mountain).

The poet further imagines that the waiting on the stations seems to be dull and purposeless like one’s own life, because people cannot decide how long the train should stop at a certain station. One starts thinking that there are no railway rules controlling the trains.

By the use of this image, Ashbery wants to make it clear that most of the people are leading an aimless life and such life is leading them to a dull routine.

The standing children on the platform appear sad and worried. The adults are looking worried about reception or taxies because taxies follow no timetable and these are available only by chance. In these very lines, the poet wants to prove the fact that chance and its availability are very essential in life. It is a fact of life that those who do not utilize the availability of chance, repent in their whole life and those who avail it wholeheartedly, get or attain a lot of success in their life.

The people who are waiting there, get gradually impatient and disappointed by every moment of delay. There is no doubt in saying the fact that waiting is one of the most boring jobs of life. People get worried and perplexed at every midway stop. They also get fed up with everything. The poet starts concerning and regarding all the leaving and waiting passengers as his brothers. Sense of unity is there when the problem is the same, faced by all. The poet comes to know the fact that in spite of all its unhappiness, the world goes on its way.

We, all are merely players or actors and actresses continue to enter and depart from this stage of the world while the drama of life goes on like a train. The poet regards any midway stop as a hurdle in the way which creates anxiety for him. He wants to get off on a platform to stretch his limbs and to tell the people that he shared their anxiety.

The people or passengers inside the train are also sad like those who are out on the platform. The poet means to say here that every breathing creatures in this world look sad and life is the other name of melancholy and we are the parts of this sadness.

The arrival of the last stop which also means an ending of the journey and the arrival at the home causes the greatest anxiety in the poet. It seems that the journey was a play and each scene was brought on the stage by the announcement of the chorus. Here chorus too is one of the characters.

This is a great message giving poem which provokes new idealization about the realities of the world. The last lines of the poem remind the message of Shakespeare’s great poem “All the world a great stage”. Though Shakespeare has very beautifully said about the role of whole mankind in the world yet Ashbery clarifies the same idea in a very detailed manner here. He has also used it. very easy words to convey his viewpoint to the readers. He Writes his poem The Painter in which he also very finely elaborates his writing skills. Though ideas often become pessimistic yet Ashbery does not keep an overall tone so well.

Use Technique Of Symbolism In “Mourning Becomes Electra”. Symbolism can also be termed as a technique which most of the writers use in their literary works in order to clarify their viewpoints for the better understanding of the readers. A great symbolism not only enhances the appeal of the subject matter of any literary work or composition but also makes it a remarkable masterpiece of literature. Symbols are objects, characters, figures or colours which one writer uses to present abstract ideas or concepts.

As far as the matter of “Mourning Becomes Electra” is concerned, symbolism is very much evident in O’Neill’s technique of writing. It becomes one of the most salient features of O’Neill’s writings. No line can vividly and aptly be drawn between symbolism and his literary works. There are many scenes and happenings which have been symbolized in different ways. On one hand, they have one, meaning and on the other hand, they have double meaning. These different shades and meanings are called symbolism.

It is very worthy to note here that the costumes, dresses of outer appearances of the characters of this play always give different connotations. To simplify the statement of

 “all the major male characters wear uniforms since the play begins on the day, the civil war ends” 

which have different meaning and as we say that when Christine fell in love with Ezra, it is uttered: “he was handsome in his lietenant’s uniform”. Similarly, we see in a scene in which Orin returns from the war and looks like a hero in his blue uniform. Here, Lavinia is much impressed by his dresses and greets him warmly. But what we see later, proves to be contrary to our expectations. Orin doesnot prove to be brave when he commits suicide after murdering Adam.

By committing this act, it seems that his uniform is still “ill-fitting” and “baggy“, without the splendor of his father’s personality. Adam’s uniform sets him in the company of Mannon men. But one thing still remains evident here that still differs significantly from those of Ezra and Orin is that O’Neill has symbolically used his blue dress because his blue uniform reminds us of the colour of the sea. It is peaceful like the peacefulness of the sea. In the first glance, we judge from his first appearance when he appears without uniform and his foppish dress links him with Christine whose green Latin dress is smartly cut and becomes expensive. These are her plain and. severe costumes which show pagan qualities as opposed to the Mannon traditions.

Similarly, we also see and observe the same symbolic treatments in the costumes of other characters. Lavinia’s black dress has very beautifully and artistically been symbolized. Lavinia often wears black dresses and she always goes against Christine’s costume traditions. That’s why, Christine always celebrates the values which are opposite to the taste of her daughter. In the greater part of the trilogy, we see that Lavinia wears black dress which has several connotations in itself. It is only in those scenes in which Lavinia mourns her father and brother, her dress serves as common place reasons. In the first part of the play, an average reader is stunned by her choice of selecting the obsesses and her choice of costume testifies rather to her spiteful jealousy and hatred of Christine.

One of the most striking qualities or traits of her personality is shown in a scene in which she totally becomes father-fixated after knowing about the illegitimate love affair of Christine and Adam. She feels great disgust after knowing the faithlessness of her mother towards her father. This causes of a great change in her and she always starts doing those things or activities which are opposite to her mother’s taste.

Ultimately, we see that throughout the play, her black dress is linked with her father’s judicial robe which is always visualized in the portrait in his study. There is no doubt ini saying that her dress also serves as a denial of puritan life. It is black shade of her dress which also serves as morning becomes “Electra” . It seems now that her choice of wearing black costumes is itself her destiny. It is the only colour which stands out for her fate and destiny.

Pointing out the reason that why mourning becomes severe in Lavinia is simply this that she never ever wants to be born. It shows her intensive battle for her mother because she thinks that it is her mother who created a sorrowful and miserable life for her in this world. It becomes evident at the end of the play when she decides to spend the rest of her life inside the Mannon temple of “Hate and Death”.

Orin’s black costume has also been presented symbolically. In the third art or part, we see that he appears in black suit. His conscience is guilt ridden. He seems to follow the father-judge under the portrait of the forty-year old judge; he considers himself to be the judge of his whole family members, recording their crimes from the initial one of the grand-father down to his own and Lavinia’s.

One thing is very notable in the later part of the play: that Lavinia changes her mourning routine and wears a green velvet dress like her late mother. This very change itself brings sudden turn in her life because this very green dress or costume highlights her unconscious love for Adam. It means to say in other words that her charm, taste and love for taking rebirth in herself and she once again starts her life in a new shape and trend unlike her mother or brother.

To conclude this above mentioned discussion, we can say in the concluding remarks vehemently and forcefully that O’Neill presents the inner workings or inner operational activities of his characters through Use Technique Of Symbolism. His characters adopt themselves according to the current situations and happenings and wear those costumes and dresses which aptly and greatly suit to the demands of situations.

If any situation or happening demands black, green, white or blue dress, they wear this one and merge themselves with the true demands and requirements of a scenic happening or situation. The Fate also play its role along with all. It is rightly said that O’Neill’s characters also have other connotations and the designs and colours of the costumes in the play are aptly symbolic. 

How defines Husband & Wife Relationship In “The Crucible“? As it is very aptly and rightly acknowledged that a family is a basic unit of society; it means that if the relations among the members of the family are good, peaceful and in the right order then a society works successfully and properly. Being a basic unit of society, family infrastructure is as important for society as water for breathing of creatures. Miller himself regards family as a unit of society. In other words, it can be said that a family is a fortress where people can live freely and without an interference of other people or the outer world.

A deep analysis of “The Crucible” proves it as a family play because one of the major themes of the play is apathy (cold-behaviour) and distrust between the husband and the wife. There are many certain incidents in the plot construction which lead to the strained family relations and then final mental harmony between the two.

As Miller gives very much importance to the family in the play, regards it as the main stage for the characters. There is no doubt in saying the fact that if a family leaves its proper function to serve in the society. then the result is always in disintegration.

There are some certain factors such as hidden guilts and extra marital relations which always play havoc in the family life. In the crucible, we see that a rift erupts between Elizabeth and Proctor due to Proctor’s adulterous relation with Abigail. After this breach between them, their home does not remain a paradise but it becomes hell for them. Proctor complains against Elizabeth in the following words.

 “I cannot speak but I can doubt, every moment judged for lies, as though I come into a court when I come into this home.”

Proctor finds “funeral marches.” round Elizabeth’s heart. Here we see that Abigail becomes a bone of contention between the husband and the wife and Elizabeth is right in her utterance:

“I am sure she thinks to kill me, then, to take my place.”

Both of them start exchanging hot words to one another. As Proctor utters at one place:

“When will you know me, woman? Were I stone, I would have cracked for shame this seven month!”

Same like this, Elizabeth also utters her hot feelings of heart in the following words:

“Then go and tell her, she’s a whore. Whatever promise she may sense- break it, John, break it.”

In the later course of the play we see that their breach, or rift becomes more widened because Elizabeth is not ready to forget and forgive the errors of early life of Proctor at any cost. All this results in the breakage of the family fabric into pieces. –

At another occasion, Proctor utters as: 

“I will plead no more! 

I see now your spirit twists around the single error of my life.”

It is very worthy to note here that Miller never ever takes the family as an isolated, individual microcosm, justified by its very existence. Miller never deviates from the fundamentals of society in which family is a basic unit of society.

He always relates the family to a large group, the society. Actually family and society are interdependent on one another. So both these have deeper mutual influences. Proctor’s family is also victimized by such evil influences. When Abigail is empowered to accuse others, she charges Elizabeth with witchcraft. As a result, she is arrested and imprisoned.

Here we see that Proctor does not remain silent and dumb but shows his reaction by calling her “a whore a .. where!” This is the occasion where Proctor has a very high good and noble opinion of his wife. One thing is very worthy to note here that his reaction shows that Proctor wants to secure his family from disgrace and devilish effects.

Here, centripetal forces can be seen working here. It is Proctor working here. It is Proctor who is imprisoned on the charge of “sending his spirit to Mary” Elizabeth is released due to her pregnancy. At the ending of the play, both Elizabeth and Proctor know their true nature due to the clear vision of life.

These are the words which also come from the lips of Proctor when he utters:

“I would have, your forgivness Elizabeth”, I am not your judge, I have my sins. It needs a cold wife to prompt leachery.”

Similarly Elizabeth utters: 

“For give me, forgive me, John, I never knew such a goodness in the world!”

To conclude this above mentioned discussion, it can be said in the concluding remarks that at the end of the drama, we see that both the husband and the wife are reconciled; there remains no rift or barrier between them. Both become purified entities after coming out of “The Crucible”, which is a trial. It becomes quite clear from the last words of Elizabeth that both of them have achieved their new mental union. It further reinforces the fact that at last family ‘has defeated the social pressures which is in fact a victory of conjugal love. So, we see.that a married couple is united mentally at a very high cost of: hanging of the husband. The invisible wall, erected between Proctor and Elizabeth by Abigail is demolished only at the cost of destruction of a happy domestic and conjugal life of Proctor’s.

Discuss Hemingway’s Fictional Technique In ” For Whom The Bell Tolls”. Hemingway is a great writer and novelist. His writing style is different and unique. He narrates any story in its original meanings and textures. While narrating any novel or short story, he seems to be an inspired reporter. He tries his best to avoid the irrelevant issues and details of any matter of life. His narrating style is famous for an extremity in the dialogues while narrating any issue in a story, he tries to make his sentences or dialogues economical and pithy.

He does not use long sentences or dialogues in his art of narration. That’s why his dialogues have the quality of simplicity, utmost economy and colloquial quality. Due to his simple and masculine literary style of narration, he has become the most readable modern American writer. He is also a master or expert in maintaining the atmosphere of suspense and horror in their full swing up to the end.

It is by the virtue of his simple style of narration that an average reader can easily understand his view point in any novel. Moreover, Hemingway is also a master of using the technique of symbolism in his novels. His novel is always full of many symbolic interpretations of the facts. It is one of the most striking qualities of his fictional style that he makes intensive use of symbols.

In any one of his novel as “The Old · Man and the Sea,” “A Farewell to Arms,” “The Fifth Column” and “For Whom the Bell Tolls”, there can be found many symbolic signs. In his novels not only the characters but also the situations and environments are used as symbols. For whom the Bell Tolls is not exempted in these symbolic presentations.

Here, we can find several symbolic presentations in his fictional technique. Robert Jordan, an American, fights against the Fascist’s forces with the help of guerrillas who have to blow up the bridge. Here we see that Jordan stands for Hemingway because Hemingway has presented himself through this character. Like Jordan,, Hemingway himself is an American. Hemingway himself participated in Spanish war and was in the favour of loyalists. Whatever did Hemingway in his army life of army, same did Jordan in his life as a soldier. In the case. of Maria, the heroine of the novel, we see that she falls in love with Robert Jordan.

As a matter of her plight is concerned, she is a representative of ruined and pitiable Spain. She not only became the victim of the cruelties, atrocities, and suppression of the fascists but was also badly raped by them.

In the closing scene of the novel when Agustin wanted to know whether Jordan would like to shoot him to save him from the pain of a slow death or not Robert Jordan firmly believes that there is still a greater chance of the safety of the band in which Maria is traveling. In fact, he is not trying to help Maria but he gives life to protect Spain. He actually sacrifices his life for Maria. The risky task of blowing up the bridge stands for the aim of life and a man has to struggle a lot and hard to get the goal.

It is a great fact of life that one has to face many difficulties and hardships on the way. Although he has limited resources yet he has to do everything for getting his goal. Pablo steals Jordan’s equipment on the eve of the operation and thus makes Jordan’s task difficult. There also starts snow falling at one occasion which also represents hardships.

The presentation of character portrayal of Pablo also adds a lot to Hemingway’s fictional technique. His presentation(role) stands for man’s. fate. His act of stealing Jordan’s equipment and of opposing his plan of blowing up the bridge symbolises a cruel fate at work. But at the end of the novel, his decision of helping Jordan in blowing up the bridge shows a friendly and smooth face of fate.

To conclude this topic, as Discuss Hemingway’s Fictional Technique has all the great traits, qualities and stylistic features of a great fictional writer or novelist. Through the lavish use of symbolism interpretations, he conveys the subject matter or theme of any novel in an easy and understandable way for the readers as well as audience.