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Discuss Play “The Winter’s Tale” As A Tragic Comedy

Discuss Play

When we Discuss Play “The Winter’s Tale” As A Tragic Comedy, we analyse most of the dramas of Shakespeare in depth & detail and come to know that tragedy and Shakespeare go side by side and for this reason, he had been termed as a great tragic dramatist of his age. It is not absolutely right to say because he had also written some great comedies e.g. “Twelfth Night”,  “The Winter’s Tale” which is a great tragicomedy.

Though there are many scenes which are replete with tragic events, incidents, sufferings, sorrows and destruction yet at the end of the drama, all the viewers and readers get satisfied. As for other tragedies are concerned e.g. “Othello”, in which Othello’s jealousy leads the action of the drama to tragedy, but here we find that it ends in the regeneration of Leontes, the reunion of husband and wife, mother, daughter and father. As the drama starts, the readers get the view of a comic play but as the play proceeds and in the middle, they find tragic situations but again the ending of the play seems to be comic one. This very structure of the play, terms it as a tragic comedy and same is the case with the last dramas of Shakespeare.

In this play, we find another great quality of Shakespeare that he converts our attention into the regeneration process and we find ourselves in the position that we are not reading or watching a tragedy. In most of the time, we match a process of regeneration which occurs after the disintegration and that’s why everything ends in good in the closing scene. Leontes, like Othello, is led to believe that his queen is unfaithful to him.

This very element of unfaithfulness gives birth to the plot in action. He blames Hermione of being guilty of adultery with his friend Polixenes and starts going to the extent of saying that the queen is pregnant which is the result of an illegal intercourse between them. Only on the basis of this doubt, he sends the queen behind the bars and appoints Camillo to give poison to his enemy Polixenes.

Polixenes who knows about the changed disposition and treatment to himself from Camillio’s mouth and both of them flee from Sicillia. After turning fully against his queen, he even does not accept her newly born child. As the queen is brought to an open court for trial on the charge of adultery and high treason; suddenly, hearing the news of the death of Mamillius, she. dies soon. This shocks Leontes very much and he starts repenting and utters in acute agony:  

Prithee, bring me

To the dead bodies of my queen and son: One grave shall be for both:

Upon them the causes of their death uppeur; unto our shame perpetual. 

Now, the decline or destruction of Leonte’s has reached its climax and Apollo also declares him guilty of doubt which shocks and terrifies him greatly & he starts repenting. Here, he confesses and admits that he has done wrong at a great deal but still there is hope or ray for coming towards goodness from badness. Leontes personality or character is different from Hamlet and Macbeth characters because in Leontes’ character, we find no prolonged soul — searching an inward conflict. In Leontes’ case, we find the justification of his repentance after the Laps of 16 years and Hermione is given forgiveness after the same lapse.

Here, in this drama, we find Shakespeare connecting the earlier tragic story and the later comic story. Though tragic and comic incidents & happenings are delicately connected with a brief process of transition yet the tragic action is beautifully shifted to the happy end in which every issue is resolved so masterfully by the writer.

Polixenes and Camillo who have disguised as old shepherds, come there to attend the feast which is an absolutely happy and beautiful pastoral — romantic scene. Here we start imagining that we are watching a perfect comedy but soonly the King discloses himself and disapproves of the alliance between Florizel and Perdita. Again, we see that this drama turns towards tragedy when this young couple hopes and goes to Sicillia on the suggestion of Camillo who also wants to go back to his homeland after the reconciliation of the two angry kings.

As directed by Camillo, the couple reaches at the court of Leontes and presents them as the missionaries of peace and friendship from Polixenes.

Camillo who plays a very important role in the drama, suggests polexịnes to pursue the couple. In this way, all the major characters reach Sicillia and once again, Leontes’ court becomes the center of action where true identification of Perdita is revealed. Here Leontes’ destruction and loss are cured or covered when he discovers his lost daughter in Perdita and through her an heir to his throne in Florizel. The ending of the drama which is happy one, here in the famous statue – scene, Hermione is also brought back to “life” and reconciled to her husband. Finally, Camillo and Paulina are joined in the bond of marriage.

To conclude this topic, it can be said safely that all is good in the happy ending like a superb and fine comedy. All the readers and viewers become satisfied when they find happiness and contentment which come after a long time and process of sufferings, destruction and repentance. The lapse of 16 years which serves as a saint of purgation and ultimately purges the soul of Leontes from all the sins and he finds his daughter as well as an heir for his kingdom.

Discuss The Role of Chance & Coincidence In “Othello”

Discuss The Role of Chance & Coincidence In

When we discuss the role of chance & coincidence, we come to know that most of the Shakespearean dramas Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Winter’s Tale, Othello etc. are full of such incidents. But Othello has always been considered a remarkable one – as a great critic – Bradly illustrates the role of fate in the following lines: The past played by accident in this catastrophe, accentuates the feeling of fate.

‘The skill of lago was extraordinary, but so was his good fortune”.

At some crucial moments, chance plays its an important role such as with Desdemona; a chance meeting of Othello and Cassio, Desdemona’s handkerchief drops at the moment which is very favorable to him, Cassio blunders into the pressure of Othello only to find him in a sworn. Bianca arrives precisely at. that moment when she is wanted to complete Othello’s deception and increases his anger to ultra anger. All these chance happenings show us that there is no escape from fate &. man is puppet in the hands of fate or destiny.

It was fete of lago which favors him in the certain moments and which ultimately destroys the character of Othello both mentally and physically. All these above mentioned lucky happenings strengthen Othello’s suspicion & finally his anger takes him into revenge and he kills his beloved & sincere wife under the attacks of suspicion on him at every moment.

There are some important factors of contrivance on lago’s side in the seeming incidents. For instance, Brabantio is called in the beginning to find out or learn of Desdemona’s deception of him and thus to embarrass and disturb Othello with his outery and ultimately to pave the way for Othello’s distrust and unconfidence in her.

“Look to her, moor, it thou hast eyes to see: 

She has deceived her father, and may thee”.

It is by chance that Desdemona’s handkerchief drops and reaches to Emilia who picks it up & gives it to lago. He leaves it in Cassio’s room & uses it as a proof to convince Othello of Desdemona’s cheating on him. Here, Othello builds up a heap of suspicions. Now, lago has made Othello suspicious about Cassio -Desdemona’s illegal relationship because here Othello was not watching his eyes; means to say that he was not using his own sense but was watching the matter with lago’s eyes.

Only on this evidence, Othello becomes passionate which means to say that his passion dominates on his reason & wisdom because now he has completely surrendered himself to lago. Here once again, A.C. Bradley gives his opinion & says that role of chance lessens the tragedy of character but it is very difficult and hard to agree to this saying because there are not only circumstances, or situations which assign the duty of taking revenge to Othello but his prudence and reason are responsible for him. If he had rightly used his sense & controlled his passion by reason then he would have been able to avert his tragic end of life. On the other hand, the power of evil and lago’s malice & villainy destroy his reason and he becomes the slave of passion.

So, owing to the influence of passion and without understanding, what he is doing, he commits tragically wrong in all aspects. Whatever he had done, he was himself responsible for that because at the end, he confessed it & recognized it. Before committing suicide, he regretted for the wrong done. in The plot constructions of Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet and Othello also consist of accidents or co-incidents because there are also unexpected turns in the growth of action. But there, unlike Hamlet, Claudius, Friar and Laurance, lago himself contrives his tragic end of life by using the wrong use of his reason, just to satisfy his purposes.Characters had always been more important than “chance” and coincidence because after all they execute the end of a play.

Desdemona, being a Venetian; and it is said that Venice is notorious for its women of loose character. Othello, being a man of prompt determinations and abrupt feelings, & emotions, is very easily & deeply impressed by lago’s honesty, which is actually his villainy. Othello, is a military man and he had always been busy in war adventures & experiences and that’s why, he had very less knowledge of woman’s nature and then how could he know Desdemona deeply? He had always a very little time to culture or civilize himself in Desdemona’s society due to his military engagements, In fact, he was not a man of studying human psyche & character in depth, that’s why, lago dominates on his reason very easily. His weakness of character lies in it that he has less ability of judging other’s characters.

Actually, he is trapped in the grip of jealousy and has become a victim of overwhelming passion which is uncontrollable for him and which has blinded him and he does not know what he is going to do.  To conclude this discussion, it can be said that this is the tragedy of the play for which he is himself responsible and no chance happening or coincidence can be taken as a responsible force for his tragic end. lago has himself illustrated in his soliloquies, how & why it all happened.

As we know that lago is a villain and this villainy of him also diminishes the role of chance. Rather, it can be said that “Othello’ is a tragedy of intrigue and conspiracy. Though chance or fate is the principal force of shaping and reshaping man’s life & its role cannot be denied yet sometimes man’s own flaw in his character is also responsible for his tragic end of life. As in “Othello” not chance but his misuse of reason is responsible for his tragic end of life.

Character sketch of Othello In the play “Othello”

Character sketch of Othello In the play

It is right to say that Character sketch of Othello is a most significant character of William Shakespeare. He is the central character to whom all the minor or major characters revolve around because the action of the drama revolves around him.

It is very difficult to think that this play can be without him because the play deals with his sufferings, problems & tragic death. The tragic concept of Shakespeare is very much prominent in him just like other Shakespearean heroes Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth and Julièus Caesar. Alt the characters: directly or indirectly linked with this supreme powerful figure..

Most of the critics have different views & ideas about this character. Some of them are of the view that he has a least heroic quality of Shakespearean heroes of tragic vision. As far as Bradely is concerned, he takes Othello entirely as blameless & sinless. He says that the main implication & complexity of the plays are within lago’s character. According to Leavis, the shortcomings & egotism of Othello’s character, are themselves responsible for his tragedy.

He loves his wife by the core of his heart. His love for Desdemona is sensual as well as passive. He never ever imagines a single spot on her character. His real tragic flaw exists in his self idealization. He just hears only lago’s statement & then idealizes himself all about his wife’s unfaithfulness. Though he is a master of martial arts & adventures yet he is totally unfit & ignorant to understand the tender, loyal & sincere sentiments & passions of his wife. This play is based on the relationship of husband & wife in which both are sincere, loving & caring to one another but later husband’s love is destroyed & spoiled by a jealous character lago. Though apparently lago is serving Othello in faithfulness but inwardly he is an opponent & jealous to him & is ready to finish his life at any cost.

Othello is unable to recognize the true identity of lago who spoils the husband & wife’s true relation by creating doubts & suspicions about Desdemona’s chastity & purity of life in Othello’s mind. When the pressure is built up, Othello’s weaknesses are revealed and his self-idealization becomes blindness and his nobility changes into a brutal egotism. In fact, it is his egotism which makes lago’s way easy to do his work. Owing to the intensity of this egotism, he murders his loving wife who was once the queen of his dreams.

Bradley rightly says that this is the tragedy of assassination of love by non-love. lago, who does not know about the a.b.c of love but is destroyed by the power of love: lago by heart is loveless who does not think of those loveful heart’s passions of Othello & Desdemona because his heart is full of hatred & malice. Othello’s ego dominates over his love and he makes decisions not by heart but by brain. The credibility of the play and the success of Iago’s plot are closely connected with this character Othello describes himself as:………… 

“One not easily jealous, but being

wrought, perplexed in the extreme.”

This statement is absolutely right because the whole of the tragedy lies in it and his nature was completely inclined towards jealousy. Here he could not bear any more delay in taking revenge & he does this in a decisive manner. Othello had a great experience of war life and adventures. He had been wandering in the deserts, had been having magic stories, experiences of slavery, his sojourn in Apallo, had been taking part is battles and sieges.

All these experiences make him a romantic hero or figure. His imaginative approach is not meditative just like Hamlet but is of practical one. Though he is more poetic than other Shakespeare’s heroes yet he does not perceive the softness & tenderness of love. When we read his famous speeches either long ones or short ones, Othello seems to be a great romantic poet that even his every phrase expresses & exposes his intensity of feeling and emotion. It is also said that romanticism is also an element of danger in his personality because being so simple, he has no observatory power and is unable to introspect. An emotional intensity prevails on hips imagination which destroys & troubles his power of thinking.

So, we see that his passionate nature spoils him and ultimately he commits suicide and at last he repents severely on the act of assassination of his queen of dreams -Desdemona. As Othello’s Jealousy arouses which prevails over his power of thinking, he acts blindly. Sometimes, Othello exhibits strange self-control and other characters become aware of his this act. Lodovico is rightly surprised when he gets violent by losing his self-control and he utters here.

“Is this the noble moor, whom our full senate call all in all sufficient? Is this the nature whom passion could not shake? Whose solid virtue, The shot of accident nor dart of chance could neither graze nor pierce?”

If we talk about his whole heartedness then we see that it is appreciable because on whom he trusts, he trusts completely. He does not hesitate on any act because he is self dependent and whatever he decides, he also acts accordingly. If he loves, he loves extremely; because he loves Desdemona intensively and even cannot hear a single word against her. If he controls or hides the passion of jealousy then it becomes an uncontrollable passion for him.

Being noble, his sufferings are heart-breaking and seek our attention and sympathies because whatever comes in his mind, he does it wholeheartedly and he is always rash & violent in both love & hatred. He is trustful and thorough in his trust. His suspicion & doubt of Desdemona and finally his sufferings are pitiful for the audience. In the very starting act of the drama, he has full confidence on lago who is outwardly faithful but inwardly he is capable of cheating Othello because being noble, Othello does not recognize lago’s evil intentions and aims.

Here, one thing is also to be pointed out that as Othello is newly married, he could not know much of Desdemona’s temperament & nature. This is the very reason that as he is given evidence, he suspects and doubts her dignity and chastity. Only a suspicion was enough to destroy his faith & confidence on his beloved wife.

Here, we observe in confidence even in his own personality and he loses his self control. Moreover, he is not particularly an European or cultured enough to perceive & realize that mental capabilities of a civilized & cultured Desdemona of Venice. Actually he is absolutely unaware & ignorant of the soft & tender thoughts and emotions of Desdemona. He had himself seen in Desdemona’s deception of her father how perfect an actress she could be. He is straight forward in thinking soft things and he believes in prompt action rather than any fear of the consequences.

To sum up this discussion, we can say that Othello is himself more responsible for his tragic end of life than any other character because if lago plays a role in his destruction but he only arouses his hidden & latent traits and passions in his personality on which he could himself control but he did not do so & finally became the victim of his feeble suspicious nature.

The Role Of Hamartia in “Oedipus Rex”

The Role Of Hamartia in Oedipus Rex

The Role Of Hamartia in “Oedipus Rex” is very important. In his famous book “poetics” Aristotle very clearly explains the concept of “Hamartia”. He, first of all talks about the characteristics of an ideal hero. According to him, an ideal hero is a man of towering personality, a man of noble family who is highly respected and is prosperous in society. Such a kind of man falls down because of his flaw in his character. Aristotle defines flaw in one’s personality as hamartia which actually means of error of Judgement which the hero commits consciously or unconsciously.

Aristotle gives the example of Oedipus whose hamartia is responsible for his fall. This interpretation differs from reader to reader and critic to critic. As it is said that Oedipus is. proud and overconfident, he thinks that whatever he thinks is absolutely right; that’s why, he gives no heed to any one’s suggestion. He becomes suspicious against Teiresias and Creon unjustly. Oedipus has committed incest and parricide and for these sins, he is punished by gods for his illegality.

Some critics are of the view that gods punish & penalize him for his unsound character but chorus does not believe in it & it disregards the blames against him which are applied by Teiresias. The chorus regards & considers Oedipus to be a man of nobility & virtue.

As Aristotle considers hamartia an offence which is committed in ignorance of some fact and therefore free from wickedness or vice. Aristotle gives an example of Thyestes, a man who eats his own children’s flesh in the belief that it is ‘an ordinary meat & afterwards, he is responsible for begetting a child from his daughter in complete ignorance. Same is the case with Oedipus who whatever heinous crime he commits, he commits it with any out intention.

Whatever it may be, after all, these both men violate the laws of nature unknowingly & unintentionally and their tragic punishments make them fit & suitable subjects for tragedy. Most of the critics of Sophocles now agreed that Oedipus is morally innocent. He was a victim of his fate and he had become a puppet in the hands of fortune & the doom that overtook him.

The deep analysis of this drama proves that it is a tragedy of destiny or fate. But, it is also our belief that everything is not only governed in one’s life by fate but Allah has also bestowed authority of choosing wrong & right to man. It is very clear that Oedipus’ blindness is self-committed and voluntary. He was fated to commit parricide and incest but it is very right that some of the action, he committed by fate but he is also free to do every thing freely.

Even, the divine predictions are executed by his own actions. As a prominent critic says, the gods know the future, but they do not order it. There are also some factors which are related to his character which are also responsible for his tragic end of life and these are his anger, rashness and suspicion which certainly affect him. If Oedipus had not expressed anger with Teiresias then he might not have made the predictions and the end of his life might have been another one.

To conclude this topic, The Role Of Hamartia in Oedipus Rex, we can say that Oedipus is one of the legendary characters of classical literature who was greatly favourite with the tragic dramatists. In all the Greek heroes, he was’one of the most striking characters. As far as his hamartia is concerned, which are his rashness and anger; and which are defects in his personality which ultimately bring about his tragic consequences.

It is his rashness which made him slay his own father, though he did not know the identity of him. His unwise judgments and decisions also add to his tragedy. In spite of all these, Oedipus’ character leaves an unforgettable impression on the readers’ minds. We have a great admiration for his relentless pursuit of truth and reality but at the same time, we try to share our sympathies with him because he is a victim of irony of fate and circumstances.

How Many Kinds of Verb and Auxiliaries?

How-many-Kinds-of-Verb-and-Auxiliaries?

How Many Kinds of Verb and Auxiliaries?

How many kinds of verb and auxiliaries are:– Verbs use to explain the activities of the doer and the receiver in a different context. They are based on present, past, future and other conditions.

THE VERB

A Verb is a word which is used for saying something about some person or thing; as, Birds fly. It is a very important word for there can be no sentence without a Verb.

The Kinds of verb and auxiliaries

There are three kinds of the Verb:

  • Transitive Verb
  • In transitive Verb
  • Auxiliary Verb

Examples of verb and auxiliaries :

  • The boy bought a toy.
  • The man writes.
  • He has come.

In sentence 1, the action denoted by the Verb bought passes over from the doer or subject boy to an object toy. The verb bought therefore is called a “Transitive Verb”.

Note: – Transitive means passing over.

In sentence 2, the action denoted by the Verb writes stops with the doer or subject man and does not pass over, to create an object. The verb writes therefore is called an Intransitive Verb.

Note: – Transitive means not passing over.

In sentence 3, the Verb has is a helper to the principal verb come to form its Perfect Tense called an Auxiliary Verb. It not only helps to form the tense of the main verb. It also loses its original meaning because the independent word has meant to possess. There is no idea of possession in this sentence.

Note:—Auxiliary means helping.

The Transitive Verb: -A verb is Transitive, if the action denoted by a verb passes over from the doer or subject to an object.

The Intransitive Verb: -A verb is Intransitive if the action denoted by a verb stops with the doer or subject and does not pass over to create an object.

The Auxiliary Verb:- An Auxiliary Verb is one which loses its original meaning and only helps a principal verb.

The Chief Auxiliaries Verbs are :

The various forms of to be (is, are, am, was, were, been, being), have, has, had, shall, will, may, might, do, does, must, can, could, should, would.

Direct and Indirect Objects Some Transitive Verbs take two objects after them. One of them is the name of something and the second is the name of some person or animal. The name of the thing is the Direct Object. And the person or animal is the Indirect Object; as :

  • He narrated me (Indirect) a story (Direct).
  • I shall give you (Indirect) a pen (Direct).

The given verbs as give, ask, offer, promise, tell, etc., need objects after them.

Note:–The object can be found by putting a question with, whom or what after the verb. Again if the question is possible and requires an answer, the verb is Transitive; if not, it is an Intransitive.

WEAK AND STRONG VERBS

There are two classes of the verbs. According to how they form the Past Tense from the Present. These two classes are:

  • Weak Verb
  • Strong Verb

The Weak Verbs:-If a verb forms its Past Tense by adding ed, d, or t to the Present, without or with any inside vowel change, it is called a Weak Verb; as:

Present tensePast Tense
WantWanted
BelieveBelieved
SpendSpent
BuyBought
SellSold

The Weak Verb

The Strong Verbs:-If a verb forms its Past Tense by merely changing the inside vowel of the Present Tense, without having ed, d, or t, added to the Present, it is called a Strong Verb; as

Present TensePast Tense
ComeCame
SeeSaw

The strong verb

Note:–Such verbs are called Strong Verbs because they can make their Past Tense without having anything added.