Wyatt Important Poems And Sonnets are outstanding. Wyatt was the first who introduced sonnet into English literature.
Wyatt Important Poems Reference No.1
By Thomas Wyatt
Explanation with Reference to the Context:
These lines have been extracted from the poem “They Flee From Me” written by Sir Thomas Wyatt. Being an abandoned lover, the poet complains and describes his pathetic situation after being left alone by his beloved. He tells the readers that once she was in his love by head and ears and used to enjoy all the benefits, provided by his high social position. The poet complains that his beloved left him alone without uttering any word of remorse or repentance on her departure from his life. In this poem, he also shows us two pictures of his love-story; on one side, he remembers the moments when he used to enjoy with his beloved after finding the privileges from his social and political status but on the other hand, he feels the pinching shocks and blows of the memories of these golden moments.
In the given selective lines under reference, the poet recalls the sweetest memories of the past life. It was not a dream because he was lying wide awake. But now everything has been changed and his beloved has cruelly forsaken him and set him free so that she may be able to find a new love and try her tricky and cruel nature on him. Here, we see that the poet has been treated so harshly that now he even wants to know her views about his little piece of verse in which there is a complaint with a riot of revenge. The poet utters in the following words: “But since that’l unkindly so am served How like you this, what hath she now dereved”?
Thomas Wyatt Poetry is a new kind of sonnet, we come to know that there had been many sonneteers, old as well as new in the history of English Literature. Petrarch who was an Italian poet, was regarded as the originator or founder of sonnet form, gained much fame and popularity in Italy and in other countries. But, in England, Petrarchan genius was affected by different changes in itself. The English writers, poets and sonneteers accepted and adopted his form of sonnet but they also made many changes in it; some elements were retained while others were discarded.
Wyatt was the first who introduced sonnet into English literature. Before him; there was no one who could handle sonnet form at its introductory level. He used his.god-gifted abilities and capabilities to accomplish this difficult task superbly and effectively. Having a huge urge for reforming and modifying it for its better popularity and fame among the people of his own country, he felt the need for a poetic medium for self-expression in the existing forms of the lyric which was suitable only for composing songs to be sung by the help of · music. In this way,Thomas Wyatt Poetry gave a new great appeal to the educated mind than before.
In his collection of thirty one sonnets, the first nineteen were the translation of the Italian sonnets. Though these sonnets followed the original rhyme-scheme yet these were some major and subtle differences. The very first difference was that these sonnets ended in a couplet which was lacking in Petrarch and his imitators. He modified it because the couplet ending answered to some genuine and deep-seated need. By: the help of couplet; he could gave a logical ending to his sonnet and this very ending changed the balance and rhyme scheme of the first three or four quatrains: Another difference was of the arrangement of syllables, the majority of Thomas Wyatt Poetry lines were decasyllabic while the lines in the Italian sonnet had eleven syllables; without having a regular system which sometimes gave an impression of being mechanical devices and they often ignored the natural speech-stress.
On the basis of this change, Wyatt attained a kind of freedom and hence we could say that in the early sonnet, there emerged two principles in it: the ten syllable line and the concluding couplet. It is also worthy to note here that it was not the case in all sonnets because in some sonnets he had to follow the set pattern framework of rhythm and decatallable line. He very carefully copied and translated word by word and stress by stress upon the original text of Petrạrchan style and presented the intrusion of traditional English rhythms and cleared the way for emerging a new contemporary English style.
But very soon Watt became of the view that Italian verification could not be translated into English because the texture of English weakened the delicate Italian rhythms and the result was lack of vigour of the native tradition and the subtlety of the borrowed, medium. After grasping the principles of sonnet verification, Wyatt became terribly concerned with an individual rendering. Though at first, his verbal changes were tentative, limited to variations of nuances but with the passage of time, he reacted progressively upon the Italian structure and versification and introduced the devices of the decasyllable and the final couplet. After knowing that the Italian language differed in structure, flexibility and rhythmic pattern, he also introduced technical modifications to suit his own language.
Further, Thomas Wyatt Poetry also introduced the line syllable in the final couplet and made modifications in the rhythm of the original to accommodate the rhythm of English language. On the basis of these above-mentioned changes, English sonnet is different from the Petrarchan sonnet. There is no doubt in saying that sonnet form played a very important role in the development of English poetry and till Shakespearean age; an individuality and tradition were primarily integrated in it.
As Wyatt worked on sonnet form, so the octave was to be divided into two clear-cut quatrains and sestet was divided into two parts, one consisting of four lines and the second on the couplet. He also made the rhyme scheme of the Italian so simple to mark his couplet and in this way the first four lines have the rhyme scheme c, d, d, c, similar to the two quatrains of the octave. Though it resulted in some minor changes in the content yet it largely remained Petrarchan. As he translated more sonnets of Petrarch; he also started introducing his own typical attitude of skepticism towards women. He began to ridicule the cult of adulation for the sonnet heroine. He also displayed or expressed his personal feelings, emotions and sentiments in the dejection of his beloved to him.
This is very prominent in his sonnet beginning with the line, “Was I never yet of your love graved”…. here he informs his mistress openly that he would neither die because of her attitude of disdain towards him nor would he have her name inscribed on his tomb. Wyatt’s such kind of treatment is quite different from the treatment, expressed by Petrarch in his sonnet. Wyatt rebukes or condemns the attitude or behaviour of his beloved in a very severe and acute manner that Wyatt’s attitude becomes cynical. So it is very evident now that in Wyatt’s sonnets, the shaping, force is the content and not the form. The sonnet is divided into three stanzas of four lines each, though the rhyme scheme is unaltered, – abba, abba, cddc – and in the final couplet is e.e. In this sonnet named as“The Lover For Shamefastness”; he personifies love as the lover’s master and it makes its appearance in his face while the beloved is displeased.
Here Wyatt follows the Petrarchan conceit by witty separation of love from the lover through personification. Wyatt’s version and treatment of the sonnet are harsh and rough but more intense in passion. He treats love masculinely. As in this sonnet we see that a lover’s love is rejected disdainfully and repulsive love retreats heart not, simply, but to the heart’s forest forcefully. The diction of the sonnet creates the harshness of tone. Three syllable words such as residence, reverence, negligence, harshness and enterprise obstruct the flow of the metre. The language used in the sonnet shows Wyatt as a plain, forthright man who cannot hide his acute and terse feelings as lovers usually do. As the lover vows, the sonnet comes to the conclusion:
“Bt in the field with him to live and did for good is the life, ending faithfully…
In his another sonnet named as “The Lover Despairing To Attain Unto His Lady’s Grace” Wyatt’s tone is of a rejected lover. Here he is of the views that his mistress is simply unable to requite long companionship of love life. He compares his beloved with a wild female deer that runs away from a hunter. He starts feeling rejected, dejected and dead tired in the pursuit of her love. Though he tried his best to occupy her exclusively, but all was in vain and he uttered:
“……I leave it off, therefore, Since in a net 1.seek to hold the wind”:
In the first eight lines, an invitation to hunters is shown who wants to catch a hind but very soon the hunter (lover) admits his own failure and he attributes this failure to the fickle nature of the beloved who is as innocent as the wind. He also declares that he will not give up his pursuit easily, here he utters as:
“I am of them who furthest come behind”.
But in the last six lines, we see that the poet warns to those hunters who may capture or undertake to hunt this particular hind. He once again says here that she is wild yet she seems tame. To capture her is to hold the wind in a net which is no doubt, impossible.
To conclude this above mentioned discussion, we can say in the final analysis though Thomas Wyatt Poetry made Petrarch’s sonnet as the base of his sonnets yet his own. vigorous personality transformed the Petrarchan medium and laid a foundation of a new genre of sonnet in the history of English Literature. He wrote 31 sonnets in which 19 were translated from Petrarch and the rest of the sonnets were adaptations from Petrarch’s followers. He emancipated himself from the influence of Petrarch; he succeeded in it because he was a true poet. He was also a true representative of his age in which he lived. He was a man of truth and never ever compromised with his self-respect. On the basis of this quality of his personality, he was able to discard the romantic notion of love, that is, the lover must remain true to the beloved even though she repulsed him time and again or disdained him.
Ijtihād, (Arabic: “exertion”) in Islamic law, the free or unique translation of issues not decisively secured by the Qurʾān, Hadith (customs concerning the Prophet Muhammad’s life and articulations), and ijmāʿ (academic agreement).
In the early Muslim people group each satisfactorily qualified legal adviser reserved the option to exercise such unique speculation, chiefly as raʾy (individual judgment) and qiyās (analogical thinking), and the individuals who did so were named mujtahids. In any case, with the crystallization of lawful schools (madhhabs) under the ʿAbbāsids (ruled 750–1258), legal advisers of the lion’s share Sunni part of Islam came to be related with some of the schools of law and defined their legitimate idea inside the system of their school’s interpretive standards and against the background of its doctrinal point of reference.
After some time, people’s capabilities to practice ijtihād were composed into levels, running from the supreme mujtahid, who was limited by no point of reference and allowed to build up his own interpretive standards, to the outright muqallid (“supporter,” “layman”), who was required to follow legitimate legal scholars unquestioningly.
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Keats Ode is described by arousing symbolism, most eminently in the arrangement of tributes. This is normal of sentimental writers, as they planned to highlight extraordinary feeling through an accentuation on characteristic symbolism. Today his sonnets and letters are the absolute generally well known and generally investigated in English writing.Some master pieces are here discuss into detail; ‘An Grecian Urn’, ‘To Autumn’, ‘To A Nightingale’
Keats Ode ‘An Grecian Urn’
Table of Contents
Keats Ode An Grecian Urn From Text Book
John Keats visits British Museum. He sees an Grecian Urn there. Urn is the name of a holder, which is commonly used to put soot of the dead. The essayist doesn’t talk about importance or greatness of the urn anyway the grandness of workmanship alive and well of model which is cut on it. From now on, the poem isn’t on the urn anyway on structure.
Craftsman sees figure on the urn and feels its quietness. Notwithstanding the way that it is tranquil yet it describes to a story. Gloriousness lies as per onlooker; right now, of the figure depends upon visitor and watcher. John Keats feels that figure is relating to a story. In real factors, it is Keats who with his innovative powers makes a story and tells it to his perusers. Flute players, darlings and trees perplexes him yet he is sure that the figure is depicting a quiet lifestyle.
Keats verifies that inventive brain is better than this present reality. He comprehends transcendence of innovative brain. It is unstressed. Life, on the reverse is remorseless. Generally, people become loss of conditions. Their exercises truly are reaction to the conditions. In this manner, they don’t act yet react. In imaginative brain, one can do anything, whether or not he is fit or not. For instance, outwardly weakened can see, deaf can hear and cripple can live customary life in innovative brain. It is, right now, mind is superior to this present reality.
Whole work is innovative. Essayist hears music in his inventive psyche anyway it isn’t being played really. He conveys his euphoric second in Ode’s stanza.
Keats’ solid creative mind causes him to make music and listen it. Those tunes can likewise be heard, which don’t exist actually, along these lines, creative mind is pleasurable in light of the fact that each desire works out as expected in it. Then again, the truth is desolate and exhausting and it constrains an individual to respond on a circumstance. As opposed to activity, response is required, in actuality. Creative mind isn’t bound to rationale. It is additionally boundless. Besides, it improves the ability of doing the fixing.
John Keats likewise attests on the lastingness of workmanship. As of recently, he has certified that craftsmanship is prevalent yet for what reason is it unrivaled?. So as to clarify the prevalence of workmanship he alludes darlings, painted on the Grecian urn. They are attempting to kiss one another. The writer says that their affection is changeless and ceaseless. Individuals may kick the bucket, old ages will supplant new ages, time will pass hundreds of years however energy of affection will never blur. Without a doubt, their affection is lasting and everlasting. So also, the artist will for all time blow the funnel and music will be listened until the end of time. Grecian urn will keep recounting to this story to each individual, who will visit the historical center significantly after death of the artist. Specialty of the urn was felt by the Grecians; it is being felt by the artist and it will be felt in future.
Similarly, wonderful young lady on the urn will never develop old. On the off chance that she is upbeat, she will stay glad until the end of time. Along these lines craftsmanship is changeless and everlasting when contrasted with life. In any case, John Keats clears that the model is mum. It is consistent. It can’t move nor is it variable, while life is adaptable. Change is the law of nature. It is the hotchpotch of joys and torments. Once in a while it gives us delights and now and again distresses.
The writer at that point upgrades his story when he sees individuals, who are going for a sacrosanct reason. Keats makes a town for them in his creative mind. He likes that maybe the town, wherein individuals are living, is unfilled at this point. He makes an extravagant story from this creative mind and feels that individuals are fixed on the urn and nobody will come back to the roads or town. Nobody, will educate individuals of the town regarding the people, who are on the urn. These lines are apparent that John Keats is offered with God skilled nature of creative mind. Moreover, his affection for Greeks can likewise be seen here.
Last refrain of the sonnet is about the excellence of workmanship. The artist underlines on its significance and encourages individuals to take cover under it. Craftsmanship is lovely in his eyes. Its excellence lies in its forever. Individuals may blur and bite the dust however craftsmanship will continue as before. It will perpetually comfort mankind. He parts of the bargains a clarification of significance of magnificence throughout everyday life.
Get the job done is to state that “Tribute on Grecian Urn” is best bit of writing. It accentuates on the significance of magnificence and workmanship. Model, cut on the Grecian urn impacted the artist to compose this tribute.
Keats Ode ‘To Autumn’
‘Keats Ode To Autumn From Text Book
The Ode To Autumn was created perhaps On 19 September 1819 as Keats made a notice of it in his letter to Reynolds composed on 21 September, 1819. In the letter Keats stated, “How excellent the season w how fine the air. A mild sharpness about it” Really.” Without joking, pure climate Dian skies-I never preferred stubble fields to such an extent as now affirmative superior to the cold green of the spring. Some way or another a stubble plain looks warm………. this struck me in my Sunday’s walk that I created upon it” The Sunday fell on 19 September.
The sonnet was composed when Keats had a great deal of torment and misfortune around him. Tom was at that point dead. George needed to go to America and Keats being the oldest needed to mastermind cash. The watchman of Keats’ kids was not a thoughtful individual. His physical forces were likewise declining. His own adoration for Fanny Brawn was a reason for much anguish for him. At the point when he neglected to fund-raise for his sibling he came back to Winchester and delighted in understanding Dante and Chatterton. There is a lot of torment at the back yet the enjoyments of writing are likewise with him. The Sunday stroll by the stream Itchen demonstrated mitigating and he drank profound the tranquil magnificence of nature, which brought about his tribute To Autumn.
The tribute has an amazing topical issue. In the first place, it represents Keats’ thoughts regarding Beauty. Keats is famously known as a writer of Beauty. It is to be noticed that his idea of excellence isn’t restricted to reasonable appearances, bewitching sounds and exciting sights. It is an all extensive idea. It incorporates each part of human life. Delight and distress, torment and joy, giggling and tears have their individual spot and significance in it. Spring is wonderful, so is winter as is harvest time. Keats sees magnificence where others see torment and offensiveness. Despairing and distress are as joy and enjoyment. Before long he was to expound on despairing. She abides with Beauty-magnificence that must kick the bucket. There is a development of vision right now. When there is a development of vision, wreckage and joy, excellence and despairing go together. It is similarly noteworthy for the artist to manage one as to manage the other.
Secondly,the sonnet is a target introduction of reality of life. It is the “negative ability” of the writer, which is at its best. The writer has no character of his own. He takes equivalent savor the experience of making the wonderful character as in making a revolting one. He is a chameleon.
Keats is like that. He is not there in the poem at all and yet he is everywhere. This ode is the most Shakespearean of all his poems.
Shakespeare’s ‘Ripeness is all’ may be truly applied to the thematic contents of the poem. It is a poem of rich fruitfulness, prosperous farm-yield and abundance of musical notes. These are the various aspects of human life and every aspect has a voluptuous fullness. This is the richness of life and Keats has a vision of maturity to put it in a classically, perfect form. Keats sees life and sees it whole like the Greeks.
Thought-content:
Poets generally lavish a lot of praise on Spring, on one talk of Autumn in kind and favourable words. Here is the picture of autumn as a season of rich and ripe fruitfulness. Only Keats could do it. The sun gets warmer day by day: the warmer the sun, the riper the fruits. It seems the sun and autumn have entered into a conspiracy to endow trees and creepers with the best and ripest of fruits and vegetables. Grapes, gourd, and the hazel-shells are filled to · the core, to ripeness. And there are flowers for the bees to collect nectar from.
Keats uses metaphoric devices to make Autumn a living figure. The sights of the season are presented in the most vivid way. There sits the rich farmer on his granary floor with his hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind. There sleeps the reaper who was drowsed by the fumes of poppy as he was reaping his swath. There goes the gleaner trying to keep steady and firm under the load of gleanings on her head as she crosses a stream of water. Another farmer, one who prepares wine sits by the cyber-press and patiently looks how drop by drop the precious wine falls in his pitcher. Autumn becomes a moving panorama.
Besides sights, there are some musical notes also in Autumn. Now spring is gone. Why cry for that? There is enough beauty in autumn. The wealth of the setting sun lies spread in its rosy hue, on the stubble plains arid music of autumn wakes up. The full-grown lambs bleat from their hilly-bourn. The small gnats make melancholy music in the river shallows. The hedge-crickets sing in the hedges. The robin red-breast pours out her shrill notes from some orchard and swallows gather in the skies making a twittering-twittering music. Is autumn less beautiful, less musical and less charming than your Spring?
Ode To Autumn was written in a quiet and serene and it has a quiet and serene note about it. There is no philosophical contemplation, there is no hankering after the mystery of life, of love, beauty or truth. One can read deep meanings but Keats does not pretend to pour out deep thoughts in this ode as he does in the Grecian Urn. He does not philosophies as he does in his Ode to Nightingale. The ode gives us a plain and simple description of the beauty and wealth and serenity of the autumn days. Simplicity and serenity are the two notable qualities of the poem.
Ode To Autumn is a faultless work of art and workmanship. Keats, with all his poetic qualities, is here in the poem, which has a unique rounded perfection. Thus, we have his pictorial quality, economy of expression, classical restraint, sense of proportion and metrical skill well exhibited in this poem.
Keats Ode ‘To A Nightingale’
Keats Ode To A Nightingale From Text Book
The Ode to a Nightingale is perhaps the best tribute of John Keats. The incomparable Romantic artist of the more youthful age. It has the entirety of the characteristics of the best of verse. It is an image of human existence with its pleasure and agony, the genuine and the perfect, and mortality, and everlasting status. It was composed when after the passing of his more youthful sibling Tom the artist remained with his companion Charles Brown. The states of the life of the artist were agonizing. The more youthful sibling had as of late inhaled his rearward in the lap of the artist himself. His dearest was there and he endured envious anguish at her hands. At that point the money related issues were a lot with him and the watchmen named by his grandma were extremely exacting. There was a craving to get away from the truth of existence with such a great amount of distress around. He made a conjured up universe, the universe of the songbird.
The Ode was made in May 1819 however we don’t have any precise date. His companion Brown gives us a record of the sythesis of the sonnet:
“In blossom season,1819, a nightingale made her house in Keats home. Keats very much enjoy her song; one morning poet sit under the palm tree with his breakfast table. he spend there at least three hours. At the point when he came into the house, I saw he had a few pieces of paper in his grasp, and these he was discreetly pushing behind the books. On request, I found, these pieces, four of five in number, contained his idyllic inclination on the melody of the songbird. The composing was not well intelligible; and it was hard to mastermind the refrains on such a large number of scraps. With his help I succeeded, and this was his “Ode to a Nightingale.” a sonnet which has been the enjoyment of everybody.”
Topical Issues
The songbird was a well known subject with the artists. The Pre Romantics and Romantic artists expounded regularly on the songbird. Keats had his own individual methodology. It is the most emotional of his tributes. We can see the artist all over. His own sufferings, the demise of his sibling Tom, the adoration for useful passing, an endeavor to get away and afterward the aches of genuine of his ‘singular self’ advise us that the writer gives an articulation to the distress of his spirit. The tragedies of the world are a lot with him and he needs a break into the conjured up universe of the songbird.
The artist needs a discharge from the reality of life however he can’t as Fancy can’t swindle him for long. The upbeat note is stood out from the difficult idea.
Cleanth Brooks communicated:
“The universe of the creative mind offers a discharge from the appalling conviction, yet simultaneously renders the universe of reality dynamically anguishing of course.”
The fact of the matter is agonizing. The world as such is where men sit and hear each other moan. Individuals experience the ill effects of some sickness. They pass on in their childhood. Wonderful ladies can’t keep up their magnificence for long. The tune of the songbird presents a brief look at the world without agony and languishing. It is the perfect: the writer would go there, he goes however to what extent would he be able to be be-fooled by Fancy! Reality occurs to him and he has returned to his singular self. There is no discharge from the ‘heavy looked at loses hope’.
The sonnet begins with a glad note. The artist is glad in the joy of the songbird as the winged animal is singing of summer at her full-throat straightforwardness. It gives an impression to the writer that the universe of the songbird must be liberated from the pollutes of hopelessness and torments. He needs a draft of vintage, some old wine so he may overlook all that the songbird doesn’t have the foggiest idea. A draft of wine cooled for long in profound dug earth from the southern pieces of France will have extraordinary quality. It will move the writer into the valley of blossoms, the place that is known for upbeat life where the laborers and straightforward people sing, and move and live it up in the splendid and warm daylight. He needs to drink with the goal that he may overlook the hopeless universe of humankind. Here is a differentiation between the real and the fanciful.
The fictional universe of the songbird is liberated from all that the real is loaded with. The universe of man is loaded with ‘exhaustion, the fever, and the fret’. Here the individuals sit and hear each other moan. They advise stories of setbacks to each other. Infection and passing surpass one, even a youngster develops pale and bites the dust. Excellent ladies can’t keep their excellence and nobody can adore them past the following day. He should flee from such a world, however not through wine yet through the intensity of Fancy, on the view less wings of Poesy. The dull mind puzzles however he is as of now there where the songbird sits and sings-it is all dim there as there are enormous trees and no moon-bar enters them aside from when breezes blow and some light channels through the green greenery secured trunks and branches.
The poet has powerful sense-perception. It is all dark in the forest but he can well guess each sweet flower that grows and blooms at the time of the season. He can easily locate each sweet fragrance and tell where a particular flower blooms, the grass, the thicket, the white hawthorn, fast fading violets, pastoral eglantine and the sweetest of all, the musk rose which is haunted by innumerable bees on summer eves. It is a very happy moment for him, a very opportune time to die. He has already been half in love with death. Now it is the right timo listening to the happy song of the happy bird. He will breathe his last with no pain. And yet the song will continue like a mass for the dead. His own death reminds him of the fact that human beings will come and go, but the song of the bird will go on forever. It will ever be a source of joy and comfort to the sad and miserable mankind as it has been in the past. It was a source of consolation to the rich and the poor.
It brought relief to Ruth when she stood with tears in her eyes in an alien land. It was the same song that brought comfort to the princess imprisoned in a magic castle by some cruel magician in a far off fairyland, forlorn. The word ‘forlorn’ brings the poet back to his solitary self. He is lonely and miserable, and there is no peace, no comfort around. The happy vision is gone and life is a blank Ode to a Nightingale is remarkable for its poetic beauty. It has all the qualities that go to make a poem great. The poem is a passionate utterance of the anguish of the soul on the part of the poet. It has a strong personal note but at the same time it has some mighty universal echoes. The poem was written soon after the death of the beloved brother of the poet and Keats has his own pangs of love. The ‘weariness, the fever, and the fret’ of the poet has become universal. The poet draws a picture of the world: ‘where men sit and hear each other groan’ and the words find an echoed in every soul:
Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last grey hairs, Where youth grows pale and spectre-thin and dies; Where but to think is to be full of sorrow. Or new Love pine at them beyond tomorrow.
Keats Ode To A Nightingale From Text
The desire to escape is common to all but escape who can? It is not despair which is important; it is the balance.
Keats is known for his exotic impression of the Beauty of the world around. He should appreciate what is excellent and must present it in the most delightful manner. The item should turn into a delight until the end of time. The Vintage will give a getaway to him and here is an image: immediately interesting ,what’s more, curvy:
Goodness, for a recepticle brimming with the warm South,
Brimming with the valid, the blushful Hippocrene,
With beaded air pockets winking at the edge,
What’s more, purple-recolored mouth.
The writer tunes in to the melody of the flying creature in outright dimness. It is ‘preserved dimness’ and he can figure every sweet bloom that develops on a specific plant:
I can’t perceive what blossoms are at my feet,
Nor what delicate incense hangs upon the limbs,
However, in treated haziness, surmise every sweet
Wherewith the opportune month enriches
The grass, the brush, and the natural product tree wild
At the point when the artist presents something, it rises out unmistakably before the perusers’ eyes. They can perceive what the writer has portrayed. One picture after the other is there and the sonnet turns into a banquet for the eyes. This pictorial quality is liberally clear in this tribute. ‘Burned from the sun merriment’, “blushful Hippocrene’, ‘beaded air pockets’, ‘winking at the edge’, ‘purple recolored mouth’ and so on., are sure articulations which put be finished pictures and the photos are just beguiling. At that point, we see the Queen-Moon on her position of authority encompassed by her brilliant fays. The rich innovative influence of the writer has introduced perhaps the best picture in the accompanying lines: ‘
A similar that oft-times hath
Enchanted enchantment casements, opening on the froth
Of dangerous oceans in pixie lands pitiful.
It is the imaginative aptitude of the writer that has placed the sentiment of the Middle Ages in only three lines. The words express and the photos develop before us and we are shipped to the place that is known for sentiment and valor.
Keats was a Greek, Shelley observed. The ode to a Nightingale amply illustrates this comment. From the very first stanza we feel that we are in the hands of one who is instinctively Greek. Allusions and references from the Greek lore are there in plenty . The dullness of the poet in the first stanza is like sinking towards Lethe-Lethe is the river of Hades in Greek mythology. It is the river of forgetfulness. nightingale is like “Dryad” a tree’s fairy and ‘The blushful Hippocrene’ remind us about wonderful and inspiring land of Greek.
Bacchus, the Greek god of wine is there as there is Flora, the goddess of flowers.Sovereign Moon with her brilliant fays again takes us to the wondrous magnificence of the Greek land and paradise.
The tune of the songbird move the writer to the past when the head and the joker heard the tune of the winged animal, Then, he is some place in the Biblical times where Ruth, a widow, lived and worked with her mother-in-law and wept silent tears remembering her native lands. The legendary romance of the Middle Ages is there when the princess or the Queen is charmed by the melody of song. Robert Bridges wrote about this poem, “I cannot name an English poem of the same length which contains so much beauty as this ode.” A poem is a poem and it will be folly to go for literal accuracy or historical veracity. The sublime is sublime: there may not be any logic in it. The sublime carries us by its sheer power of beauty and truth of feeling. Thus, the nightingale is as mortal as human beings are. But the poet says that the ‘hungry generations’ of mankind cannot tread the bird down. She will live forever, the bird is ‘immortal’. The bird is not immortal, we know but the charm of the song will ever be there and give solace to the weary and the wounded.
Jane Austen use as the basic and true feature of irony is concerned, it lies in a contrast between reality and appearance. Irony may be of different kinds as verbal irony or rhetorical or narrative irony. Whatever the kind of irony may be but there certainly lies the contrast between the apparent, the surface meaning of a statement and its real intended meaning e.g. in a situational irony, a contrast between the expectation and the fulfillment in a particular situation is presented and if there is an irony of character then a contrast between the appearance and the reality of a special character is shown. It is rightly said that irony serves as a very soul of Jane Austen’s novels and Pride and Prejudice is steeped in irony of theme, situation, character and narration.
A deep and careful study of the novel shows that in Pride and Prejudice, irony is of great significance and this pride which leads to prejudice and prejudice invites pride. Talking about Mrs. Bennett’s characters,” Jane Austen presents her role in her major intentions and concerns that
“The business of her life was to get her daughters married”.
As she speaks here in the ironic suggestion and here the ironic. suggestion is that she is not likely to show much discrimination about the young men that they choose as their husband. This fact of her intentions is later strengthened or verified by her sense of exaltation in Lydia’s marriage to Wickham.
There is another example of this type of irony in chapter 5, where Jane Austen presents the description of the characters of Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst. She speaks in the following words as:
“They were infact very fine ladies, not deficient in good humour when they were pleased nor in the power of beingagreeable when they chase it, but proud and conceited. They were rather handsome, had been educated in one of the first private seminaries in town, had a fortune of 20,000 pounds, were in the habit of spending more than they ought and of associating with people of rank and were therefore in every respect entitled to think well of themselves and meanly of others.”
Here the ironic tone lies in the words “very fine ladies,” because it becomes very clear when we are told about their pride, snobbery and selfishness. The ironic touch or tone has been given widely and openly to most of the events, incidents and situations of the novel.
For example, Mr. Darcy’s remarks about Elizabeth are highly ironic when he says that “She is not handsome enough to tempt me,” as it is exposed later that soon after this, he gets allured or captivated (attracted) by her eyes. Is it not ironic so that Darcy, in order to prevent a marriage alliance with the Bennet family, removes Mr. Bingley from Netherfield, but he himself makes the same alliance. How ironic it is that Mr. Collins proposes Elizabeth for marriage at that time when her heart is so full of or occupied with love. for Wickham. An ironic, lone is also observed in Darcy’s proposal to Elizabeth because Mr. Darcy proposes to her at that moment when she hates him the most.
How ironic is it proved that it was being expected that the departure of Malitia from Meryton would put an end to Lydia’s flirations but it brought about her elopement. After this cheap and degraded act of Lydia’s elopement, Elizabeth started thinking & feeling that her prospects of marriage to Darcy would be blasted and endangered but this affair actually brought them together when Darcy played an important role in arranging their marriage.
Irony of character is another trait of this novel which is very evident from one character’s meeting to another character. Is it not ironical that Elizabeth who is proud of her perception and rebukes and criticizes Jane’s blindness to the realities but a matter of fact is concerned, she herself is blinded by her prejudice. Apparently Wickam is looked as a man of polished, refined and mannered personality but inwardly he proves to be senseless, rude and ill mannered.
The Bingley’s sisters hate and dislike the Bernets for their vulgar manners but are themselves vulgar: Jane Austren always deals with a very keen and deep fact of life and this is the nature of human beings which is full of contradictions. It is the success of Jane Austern’s art that she depicts and portrays these fundamental contradictions in human nature for the moral education of her readers.
Apart from this verbal irony which we have already taken in discussion, we also see another situation of dramatic irony, especially in chapter 24 in which Mr. Bennet asks his daughter Elizabeth about her programme of marriage. He ironically advises her “Let Wickham be your man, he is a pleasant fellow”. Here dramatic irony lies in the words “pleasant fellow” because in the course of the action of the novel it is seen that Mr. Wickham becomes the source of infame and disgrace for Bennet’s family.
As far as the diction is concerned, it is so bombastic and eloquent that it casts sometimes a shadow of ambiguity. In some occasions or situations, just a single word adds an ironic touch to the whole speech. The speeches of Mr. Collins and Miss Bingley can be quoted in this respect.
It is also worthy to note here that irony in Jane Austen’s hands is mostly a means to rich comedy. She always felt delight in depicting or presenting the incongruity in her characters but she never allowed them to blot or pollute the gay atmosphere of the novel. Though it is the vulgarity of Mrs. Bennet which drives away the suitors of her daughters but it only remains for a short time or for temporary moments. Apart from this, there are also some certain moments in the novel where irony reaches or inclines on the verge of a tragic situation.
The relations between Jane and Bingley and the relations between Elizabeth and Darcy, most of the time pass through the ups and downs of life. We, being the readers, feel relieved at the end of the novel where they are happily married and our tension is released.
To conclude this above mentioned discussion, we can say that the basic purpose of using this technique of ironic treatment is to criticise the social and personal relations of human beings in order to educate the people with moral values and concerns. After reading this novel, we also come to know that Jane Austen rejects all those marriages which are based on physical beauty or under economic pressures. On the other hand, she stresses on the importance of love, mutual understanding, forbearance, respect,etc. which are actually the sound base of a successful and sound marriage. Another point on which Jane Austen gives too much emphasis is that of self awareness and she strongly condemns and ridicules hypocrisy and pretensions of outward personality. So it is rightly said that irony in her hands is an instrument of moral vision and not a technique of rejection. It just serves as a mode of action in the novel.
